【英语学习】语用学ppt模版课件.pptVIP

Quantity-principle Heuristics (探索法) （胡壮麟） Q- Heuristic：1、scalar implicatures 等级会话含义 eg: a、Some of the boys came. b、Not all the boys came. s , w 2、clausal implicatures 分句会话含义 eg: a. If eating eggs is bad for you, you should give up omelets. 煎蛋卷 b, Eating eggs may be bad for you, or it may not be bad for you . Neo–Gricean Theories One World Many Theories Problems ?Questionings 1. Culture-specific. 2. Overlap ? how to distinguish form one another? 3. Different interpretations ?which implicature is intended? 4. What’s the relation between these four maxims. Grice Horn Levinson Introduction Summary Other Theories Based on the original model by Grice, several alternative models of the cooperative principle were developed in the 80s. In general 2 different approaches can be distinguished. reductionist models: contain fewer maxims or principles than the original. expansionist models: add further maxims to the original. Grice Horn Levinson Introduction Other Theories Summary Introduction Grice Horn Levinson Quality Principle Quantity Principle Relation Principle Be truthful. Do not say what is false (Quality 1). Do not say what lacks evidence (Quality 2). Don’t say less than is required (Quantity 1). Don’t say more than is required (Quantity 2). Be relevant. Manner Principle Be perspicuous: Avoid obscurity (M1), avoid ambiguity (M2), be brief (M3), be orderly (M4). Other Theories Summary Grice Horn Levinson Introduction Quantity Principle量原则 Make your contribution sufficient 要使你的话语充分Say as much as you can 能说多少就尽量说多少 [given R]. Make your contribution necessary 要使你的话语只是必需的 Say no more than you must 不说多于所要求说的话 [given Q]. Relation Principle关系原则 Proposes to reduce and rearrange the original maxims (the maxim of quality apart) to two neo-Cricean principles: Other Theories Summary The quantity principle explains that when the speaker speak