中山大学生命科学院生物化学课件1.amino acid oxidation and the Production of Urea.pptx

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea;Catabolism of amino acids in mammals;Contents;1. Degradation of proteins; The fraction of metabolic energy obtained from amino acids, whether they are derived form dietary or from tissue protein, varies greatly with the type of organism and with metabolic conditions. ;Degradation of proteins Degradation of dietary proteins and absorption of amino acids Degradation of cellular proteins;Dietary protein is enzymatically degraded to amino acids;Dietary protein ;Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) secreted by Pancreas; ;;;; 1. 载体转运：小肠，肌肉，肾小管细胞 ;2 γ-谷氨酰基循环：小肠??肾小管细胞，脑细胞;该循环分为两个阶段:;Degradation of cellular proteins;Lysosomes deal primarily with;Proteasomes deal primarily with endogenous proteins;2. Overview of the catabolism of amino acids in mammals;;Transamination （转氨基作用）;在转氨酶的催化下，某一氨基酸的α-氨基转移到另一种α-酮酸的酮基上，生成相应的氨基酸，而原来的氨基酸则转变成α-酮酸，反应的实质是氨基在α-氨基酸和酮酸的转移。 the process of transfering an amino group from one compound to another ;Pyridoxal phosphate(PLP) participates in the transfer of α-amino groups to α-keto acids;PLP is bound to the enzyme through a Schiff-base linkage to a Lys residue at the active site;Mechanism of transamination;Transaminase (转氨酶) or aminotransferase (氨基转移酶) ; 谷丙转氨酶 (glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, GPT ) 谷草转氨酶 (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, GOT）;;;查肝功为什么要抽血化验转氨酶指数呢？;Oxidative deamination (氧化脱氨基作用）;Glutamate undergoes oxidative deamination L-Glu氧化脱氨基作用;L-谷氨酸脱氢酶的特点;Transdeamination (联合脱氨基作用); 氨基酸在转氨酶作用下，将α-氨基转给α-酮戊二酸分子生成α-酮酸和谷氨酸，谷氨酸再经过L-谷氨酸脱氢酶的作用，脱去氨基产生游离氨并生成α-酮戊二酸，这种转氨酶和L-谷氨酸脱氢酶的协同作用称联合脱氨基作用。;α-KG;; 概念：由转氨酶和腺苷酸脱氨酶等多种酶联合作用下脱去氨基产生游离氨的过程。 关键酶的分布特点：肌肉中L-谷氨酸脱氢酶活性低，而腺苷酸脱氨酶活性高。 意义：是心肌、骨骼肌和脑组织脱氨基的主要方式，实验证明脑组织细胞中的氨有50%是由该循环产生的。;;若外环境NH3大量进入细胞，或细胞内NH3大量积累----氨中毒;Glutamine transports ammonia in the bloodstream Alanine transports ammonia from muscles to the liver;Glutamine transports ammonia in the blood stream;;谷氨酰胺的运氨作用;Alanine transports ammonia from muscles to the liver;Glucose-alanin