清华经济学原理12竞争的市场上企业.pptVIP

第十四章 Chapter 14 竞争市场中的企业 Firms in Competitive Markets 竞争的含义 The Meaning of Competition ◆完全竞争市场具有下列特征: A perfectly competitive market has the following characteristics: ◆市场中有许多买者和卖者 There are many buyers and sellers in the market ◆各个卖者提供的物品大体上是相同的 The goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same 企业可以自由地进入或退出市场 Firms can freely enter or exit the market. 竞争的含义 The Meaning of Competition ◆这些特征,使得完全竞争市场具有如下结果 As a result of its characteristics, the perfectly competitive market has the following outcomes: ◆任何一个买者或卖者的行动对市场价格的影响都 可以忽略不计。 The actions of any single buyer or seller in the market have a negligible impact on the market price ◆每一个买者和卖者都接受市场决定的价格。 Each buyer and seller takes the market price as gIven. 竞争的含义 The Meaning of Competition 竞争市场中的买者和卖者被称为价格 接受者。 Buyers and sellers in competitive markets are said to be price takers. 竞争企业的收益 Revenue of a competitive Firm 企业的总收益是销售价格乘以销售量 Total revenue for a firm is the selling price times the quantity sold. TR=(PXQ 竞争企业的总收益、平均收益和边际收益 Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue for a competitive Firm 考虑史密斯家庭奶牛/ Consider the Smith Family Dairy Farm 产量 总收益 平均收益 边际收益 Quantity tr* Price Total Revenue Average Revenue Marginal Revenue (TR=PxQ) (AR=TR/Q) (MR=△TR/△Q) $6.00$600 $600 600 $1200 600 600 234567 $600 $18 $600 600 $24.0 $600 600 5600 3000 6.00 $600 36.00 $6.00 $600 $6.00 $4200 $600 $600 $6.00 $6.00 竞争企业的收益 Revenue of a competitive Firm 对竞争企业来说,总收益与产量成比例。 For competitive firms, total revenue is proportional to the amount of output. 竞争企业的收益 Revenue of a Competitive Firm 平均收益告诉我们一个企业从每一典型单 位的销售中得到多少收益。 Average revenue tells us how much revenue a firm receives for the typical unit sold 竞争企业的收益 Revenue of a competitive Firm 对所有企业来说,平均收益等于物品的价格。 For all firms, average revenue equals the price of the good. Total revenue Average revenue= Quantity ( Price× Quantity,) Quantity Price 竞争企业的收益 Revenue of a competitive Firm 边际收益是销售量增加一个单位带来的总 收益的变化。 Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from an additional unit