大学英语四级分类模拟题471.docVIP

大学英语四级分类模拟题471 Part Ⅰ Writing 1、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to comfort a friend who felt depressed because she couldnt afford fashionable clothes. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Passage One When you run your hands through your lovers hair, youre probably not thinking about your place in the social hierarchy. Give your team-mate or colleague a pat on the back after a setback, and the chances are youre not consciously seeking to change the mix of signalling chemicals in their brain. It may not seem like it, but these socially important rituals and others like them predate the time our species first walked the African continent. ? ?Human behaviours that involve physical social contact have a lot more in common with social grooming activities we typically associate with other species than we might initially think. When rhesus monkeys (恒河猴) or chimpanzees pick through their friends fur, theyre not just helping them remove dirt from hard to reach spots. There is undoubtedly a hygienic benefit, but this behaviour, which animal behaviour researchers call allogrooming, has far greater significance. ? ?For example, one chimpanzee is more likely to share food with another that has previously groomed it. Grooming also serves to ease tensions in a chimp troop following an aggressive situation. One of the most complex forms of reconciliation among chimpanzees occurs when two rival males reach a point of stalemate, neither backing down nor escalating the aggressive interaction. Sometimes, a female breaks the deadlock and eases the tension by grooming first one male, and then the other, until the two become relaxed enough to end what amounted to an angry staring contest. ? ?According to anthropologist Robin Dunbar, this works because grooming stimulates the release of endorphins (内啡肽)—opiates produced by the brain that trigger feelings of relaxation by lowering the heart ra