专八mini-lecture、口译中可用到的缩写及符号.docxVIP

Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. sum frequency Leave out periods in standard cf = e.g. = dept = abbreviations. compare example department Use only the pol dem lib cap first syllable of a word. politics democracy liberal capitalism Use entire first syllable pres subj ind cons and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. = presentation = subject = individual = conservative Eliminate final letters. abbreviation. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable assoc associate biol info biology information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration min = minimum rep = repetition Omit word. vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government Use an apostrophe in place of letters. amt = amount contd = continued govt = government educatl = educational Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estgestablishing estg decrgexptgdecreasingexperimenting decrg exptg Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. Abbreviations shorthand. or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials wheneverAerospacethe term, phrase,Sciencesor name is used again.becomes whenever Aerospace the term, phrase, Sciences or name is used again. becomes For example, CAS Center for thereafter. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. = and w/ = with w/o = without vs = against \ = th