画法几何课件：第八讲 垂直问题 Lesson 8 Perpendicularity.ppt

第八讲 垂直问题 Lesson 8: Perpendicularity 如果直线垂直于平面内的任意两条相交直线，则与该平面垂直。反之，如果直线与平面垂直，则与平面内的任意直线垂直。A line is perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicular to at least two nonparallel lines in a plane. Also, a line perpendicular to all lines in a plane if it is perpendicular to that plane. 要讨论的问题Problems to be solved： ● 过点作直线与平面垂直。 Construct line through a given point perpendicular to a plane. ● 过点作平面与直线垂直。 Construct plane through a given point perpendicular to a line. 一、直线与平面垂直 Perpendicularity of line and plane 直线与平面垂直Line perpendicular to plane 直线垂直于平面内的一对相交直线（一切直线） Line is perpendicular to two intersecting lines in plane (all lines in that plane) P p? p 相交主直线 N?P L1?N (相交 intersecting) L2?N (交叉 Skew) N-法线 Normal of the plane 性质Characteristics: P面所有直线垂直于N All lines in P are perpendicular to N ?过N的所有平面垂直于P All Planes containing N are perpendicular to P ?平面的坡角与法线的倾角互余 (αp + αN=90?) O X Y Z H V L1 W P L2 L3 N 主直线平面 Main lines plane 平面用一对相交主直线表示 Plane defined by a pair of intersecting lines l1? l1 l2? l2 a? a n? n n??正平线的V投影 n?? l1? n ?水平线的H投影 n?? l2 平面以其他形式表示 Plane defined by other methods p? p l? l l1? l1 L与P平面不垂直 L is not perpendicular to P L1与P平面垂直 L 1 is perpendicular to P 例1 :L,L1与平面P垂直吗？ L?P? L1 ?P? 用一对相交主直线来判断 Determine by a pair intersecting main lines 例2：过点A作直线垂直于△DEF。 Construct line through point A perpendicular to △DEF d? e? f? d e f a a? 1? 1 b? b 2? 2 注意：不是垂足的正面投影 This is not the frontal projection of perpendicular foot. 注意：不是垂足的平面投影 This is not the Horizontal projection of perpendicular foot. 求出直线AB对△DEF的穿点才是垂足 The piercing point of line AB and △DEF is the perpendicular foot. 例3 过定点A作直线L的垂面P Construct plane P through given point A perpendicular to line L. p? p l? l L P a? a A ?应用: 求距离问题Application : Problems of distance 1) 点到平面的距离 distance between point and plane 2) 平行面间的距离distance between two planes 步骤Steps: 1. 过定点作面的垂线 (Construct line through given point perpendicular to plane) 2. 求垂线对面的穿点--积聚性法或辅助平面法 (Find pier