计算机组织与结构：Ch_2 Computer Evolution and Performance.pptVIP

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计算机组织与结构：Ch_2 Computer Evolution and Performance.ppt

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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th Edition Chapter 2Computer Evolution and Performance ENIAC - background Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Eckert and Mauchly University of Pennsylvania Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943 Finished 1946 Too late for war effort Used until 1955 ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) ENIAC - details Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 15,000 square feet 140 kW power consumption 5,000 additions per second von Neumann/Turing Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies IAS Completed 1952 Structure of von Neumann machine IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words Binary number 2 x 20 bit instructions Set of registers (storage in CPU) Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator Multiplier Quotient Structure of IAS – detail Commercial Computers 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Late 1950s - UNIVAC II Faster More memory IBM Punched-card processing equipment 1953 - the 701 IBM’s first stored program computer Scientific calculations 1955 - the 702 Business applications Lead to 700/7000 series Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) Invented 1947 at Bell Labs William Shockley et al. Transistor Based Computers Second generation machines NCR RCA produced small transistor machines IBM 7000 DEC - 1957 Produced PDP-1 Microelectronics Literally - “small electronics” A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections These can be manufac