中科院 生态系统水碳氮循环与通量观测原理与技术.ppt

OVERVIEW Water and solar energy are essential for the functioning of the Earth System. These processes are so tightly intertwined that they cannot be treated separately. The hydrologic cycle also controls Earth’s biogeochemical cycles by in?uencing all biotic processes, dissolving nutrients, and transferring them within and among ecosystems. Influences of Human Activities The importance of the hydrologic cycle raises concerns about the extent to which it has been modi?ed by human activities. Affects land and water management; the movement of pollutants among ecosystems. Have altered terrestrial water and energy budgets suf?ciently to change regional and global climate (Chase et al.2000). Alters the capacity of the atmosphere to hold water vapor. Concepts Evapotranspiration Transpiration Albedo: shortwave re?ectance of theecosystem surface. Emissivity: a coef?cient that describes the capacity of a body to emit radiation. Ground heat ?ux: the heat transferred from the surface into and out of the soil, is negligible over a day in most temperate and tropical ecosystems. Latent heat ?ux: the energy transferred tothe atmosphere when water is transpired by plants or evaporates from leaf or soil surfaces. Sensible heat ?ux: the heat that is initially transferred to the near-surface atmosphere by conduction and to the bulk atmosphere by convection; it is controlled in part by the temperature differential between the surface and the overlying air. Bowen ratio (H/LE): the ratio of sensible to latent heat ?ux. Water vapor feedback: Warming accelerates the hydrologic cycle, increasing evaporation and rainfall at the global scale. Snow (or ice) albedo feedback: As climate warms, snow and sea ice will melt earlier in the spring, replacing a re?ective snow-covered surface with a dark absorptive surface. This process, together with the resulting change in temperature, is referred to as the snow (or ice) albedo feedback. Ecosystem albedos vary atleast 10-fold,ranging fro