机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译[参照].pdfVIP

Unit 1 Metals 金属 The use of metals has always been a key 在人类社会的发展中，金属的应用 factor in the development of the social systems 起着关键性的作用。构成物质的大约 100 种 of man. Of the roughly 100 basic elements of 基本元素中，大约有一半为金属。金属和非 which all matter is composed, about half are 金属之间的区别不是特别明显。最基本的定 classified as metals. The distinction between a 义集中在元素原子间存在的连接形式和与这 metal and a nonmetal is not always clear-cut . 些原子相关联的电子的某些特性。然而，在 The most basic definition centers around the 实际应用中，可以将具有某些特性集合金属 type of bonding existing between the atoms of 定义为某种元素。 the element, and around the characteristics of certain of the electrons associated with these atoms. In a more practical way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties. Metals are crystalline when in the solid 除了少数例外金属在常温下是固态 state and, with few exceptions (e.g. mercury), 的。它们是热和电的良导体，不透光。它们 are solid at ambient temperatures. They are 往往具有较高的密度。 许多金属具有延展性， good conductors of heat and electricity and are 也就是说，在不被破坏的情况下它们的形状 opaque to light. They usually have a 在外力的作用下可以发生变化。引起永久变 comparatively high density. Many metals are 形所需的力和最终使金属断裂所需的力相当 ductile -that is, their shape can be changed 大，尽管发生断裂所需的力远没有像所预期 permanently by the application of a force 的撕开金属原子所需的力那么大。 without breaking. The forces required to cause this deformation and those required to break or fracture a metal are comparatively high, although, the fracture forces is not nearly as high as would be expected from simple consideration of the forces required to tear apart the atoms of the metal. One of the more significant of these 从我们的观点来看，在所有的特性中结 characteristics from our point of view is that of 晶性是最重要的。结晶体是这样一种结构， crystallinity. A crystalline sol