动物病毒学课件 第六讲：病毒疫苗研究进展【9、10次】【英文】【简化】.pptVIP

* Animal virology Ⅵ Molecular Approaches to the Development of Viral Vaccines VACCINES: PAST SUCCESSES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS INTRODUCTION What is a vaccine? Vaccines are harmless agents, perceived[感知] as enemies. They are molecules, usually but not necessarily proteins, that elicit an immune response, thereby providing protective immunity against a potential pathogen. While the pathogen can be a bacterium or even a eukaryotic【真核】 protozoan【原生动物】, most successful vaccines have been raised against viruses and here we shall deal mostly with anti-viral vaccines. Immunity to a virus normally depends on the development of an immune response to antigens on the surface of a virally infected cell or on the surface of the virus particle itself. Immune responses to internal antigens usually play little role in immunity. Thus, in influenza pandemics【流行】, a novel surface glycoprotein acquired as a result of antigenic shift characterizes the new virus strain against which the population has little or no immunity. This new strain of influenza virus may, nevertheless, contain internal proteins that have been in previous influenza strains. Surface glycoproteins are often referred to as protective antigens. To make a successful vaccine against a virus,? the nature of these surface antigens must? be known unless the empirical【试验方法】 approach of yesteryear is to be followed. It should be noted, however, that a virally-infected cell displays fragments of internal virus antigens on its surface and these can elicit a cytotoxic T cell response that acts against the infected cell. There may be more than one surface glycoprotein on a virus and one of these may be more important in the protective immune response than the others; this antigen must be identified for a logical【合理的】 vaccine that blocks infectivity. For example, influenza virus has a neuraminidase and a hemagglutinin on the surface of the virus particle.? It is the hemagglutinin that provokes【刺激】 neutralizing immunity beca