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2015 年北京师范大学考博英语真题试卷
( 总分 68, 做题时间 90 分钟 )
1. Reading Comprehension
The human ear contains the organ for hearing and the organ for balance.
Both organs involve fluid-filled channels containing hair cells that
produce electrochemical
impulses
when the hairs
are
stimulated
by moving
fluid. The ear can be divided into three regions: outer, middle, and
inner.
The outer ear collects
sound waves and directs
them to
the
eardrum
separating
the
outer
ear from the middle ear. The middle ear conducts
sound
vibrations through three small bones to the inner ear. The inner ear is
a network of channels containing fluid that moves in response to sound
or movement.
To
perform
the
function
of
hearing,
the ear
converts the
energy
of
pressure
waves moving through
the
air
into
nerve
impulses
that
me brain perceives as sound. Vibrating objects, such as the vocal cords
of a speaking person,
create
waves in mesurrounding
air.
These waves cause
the eardrum to vibrate with the same frequency. The three bones of the
middle ear amplify and transmit the vibrations to the oval window, a
membraneon the surface
of the
cochlea,
the
organ
of
hearing.
Vibrations
of me oval window
produce pressure
waves in the fluid
inside me cochlea.
Hair cells in the
cochlea convert
the energy of the
vibrating fluid into
impulses
that
travel
along the
auditory
nerve to
the
brain.
The
organ
for balance is also
located in
the inner ear. Sensations related
to body
position are generated much like sensations of sound. Hair cells in the
inner
ear respond to
changes in
head position
with
respect to
gravity
and
movement. Gravity
is
always
pulling
down on the hairs,
sending
a constant
series
of impulses
to
the brain.
Whenthe
position
of
the head changes—as
whenthe head bends forward —the force on the hair
cells
changes its
output
of nerve impulses. The brain then interprets these changes to determine
the heads new position.
1.
What can be inferred about the organs for hearing and balance?
A Both organs evolved in h
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