荷载及设计原则：Chapter 1 Loads and Actions.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Loads and Actions Once the dimensional requirements for a structure have been defined, it becomes necessary to determine the loads or actions the structure must support. Chapter 1 Loads and Actions 1. Actions The term action refers to concentrated or distributed forces acting on structures, and some effects resulting in imposed or restrained deformation of structures. ---- concentrated or distributed forces the weight of the structure and its contents, occupancy loads, or pressures due to wind, snow, water, or earth. Vehicle loads on roads and bridges. ---- some effects resulting in imposed or restrained deformation Examples are uneven support settlements of continuous beams, earthquake action, temperature change, and shrinkage of concrete if it is not free to shorten. action direct action indirect action The direct action is usually called “ Load”. such as wind load, snow load The indirect action is a movement or deformation which does not result from applied loads, so it is not directly called “Load”. such as earthquake action, temperature action Both direct action and indirect action give rise to stresses or deformation in a structure. We usually call all the action (include direct action and indirect action) “load” in practical design. Action is a generalized load. Chapter 1 Loads and Actions Action effect Action effect is the reaction of a structure to the action. It involves internal forces, such as bending moment, shearing force and axial force, deformation, crack and vibration etc