土壤水分空气热量状况-幻灯片1.pptVIP

第四章 土壤水分、空气、热量状况 Chapter 4: Water, air, and heat of soil 第一节 土壤水分 第二节 土壤空气 第三节 土壤热量 Soils = Air + Water + Solids 第一节 土壤水分（ Soil water ） ? 土壤水分的类型和性质 ? 土壤水分的有效性 ? 土壤含水量的表示方法 ? 土壤水分的能态 Why is water important to plants? ? it is a nutrient ? serves as a solvent for other nutrients How does water enter the soil? ? through pores in the soil ? sandy soils have the largest pores, but are often filled with other material ? medium textured soils (loamy) have good water entry properties ? clays, pores swell shut when they get wet What is Adhesion （粘着力） ? ? it is the attraction of two different molecules ( water to soil ) What is Cohesion （粘结力） ? ? it is the attraction of two similar molecules ( water to water ) What is the importance of adhesion and cohesion in soils? ? water molecules are strongly attracted to soil minerals and organic materials due to adhesion ? water molecules are also strongly attracted to each other due to cohesion ? when water tends to move from wetter places to drier places ， roots remove water, then water is drawn from surrounding areas ? in dry conditions, water moves slowly and only fractions of an inch, thus roots must be well distributed （分布） How is soil water classified? 1) Hygroscopic Water （吸湿水） is held so strongly by the soil particles (adhesion), that it is not available to the plants 2) Capillary Water （毛管水） is held by cohesive forces greater than gravity and is available to plants 3) Gravitational Water （重力水） is that water which cannot be held against gravity ? as water is pulled down through the soil, nutrients 牡履敬捡敨層 out of the soil (nitrogen) Capillarity Water moves into capillary soil pores - due to adhesive and cohesive forces Capillary rise and capillary retention Credit: Brady Weil, 1996; Kohnke, 1968 What is Field Capacity （田间持水量） ? ? when the soil contains the maximum amount of available water, the greatest amount of water it can hold against gravity What is Wilting Point （萎蔫点） ? ? the soil has so little water, that plants