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- 2021-01-11 发布于浙江
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第2讲 蕴涵 1、看以下出自广播和电视播音员之口的一个个“话语片段”。它们有什么问题? (a)It’s been an amazing year for Crystal Palace over the past 12 months. (b)The robbery was committed by a pair of identical twins,both are said to be about age 20. (c)Send in your competition answers with your name,age,and how old you are. (d)So you’re a housewife and a mother.Do you have any children? 2、现在假设你来自另一个星球。你已经学过英语的词汇和语法,但你以前从未来过地球,从未见过任何地球上的人。作为你们星球的习惯,你理解任何东西都是根据字面意思。现在你的任务是判断以下句子的正误,并说明你的理由。 (a)My mother is a woman. (b) My mother is a doctor. (c) The tiger is unhappy. (d) My mother is a boy. (e) The tiger is a reptile(爬虫). 分析型句子(analytic sentence):字面意思即可决定句子真假。 人为型句子(synthetic sentence):只能根据现实世界的事实来判断真(人为性正确)假(人为性错误),而非字面意思所能体现出来的。 3、假设以下例中的(a)句都是人为性正确的。然后再看(b)句,根据正确的(a)句能否认为(b)自然就是正确的。 1(a)Annie caught a trout(鳟鱼). 1(b)Annie caught a fish. 2(a)Annie is thin. 2(b)Annie is not fat. 3(a)Annie baked a cake. 3(b)Annie baked something. 4、在以下每对句子中,假设其中一个句子是人为性正确的话,另一个句子是否也自动正确? 1(a)Goldilocks(金发姑娘) saw a bear. 1(b)Goldilocks saw an animal. 2(a)This porridge is too cold. 2(b)This porridge is not too hot. 3(a)Baby Bear cried. 3(b)Baby Bear wept. 4(a)Mama Bear is in front of Papa Bear. 4(b)Papa Bear is behind Mama Bear. 单向蕴涵(One-way entailment) 双向蕴涵(Two-way entailment) 5、在下面每组对话中,请找出从语义学观点来看是冗余(redundant)或矛盾(contradictory)的信息。然后用语用学术语这些信息可以告诉听话人些什么。 (a)Tome:What’s your stepmother(继母) like? Bob: Well, she’s a woman and she married my father. (b)Dave:There’s your Uncle George. Lucy:That man’s a snake. (c)Jane:You ate all the cookies. Steve:I ate some of the cookies 6、对于Annie ruined the sweater这句话来说,可以有三种不同的重音模式。请将每句话与其凸显的蕴涵连接上。当你做这个练习时,再考虑一下,信息是怎样根据重音变化来变化的。 Utterance(a):Annie RUINED the sweater. Utterance(b):Annie ruined the SWEATER. Utterance(c):ANNIE ruined the sweater.Entailment1:‘Someone ru
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