including用法总结整理.pdfVIP

Including 用法 （1）RON 说过： the comma + ing modifier should only be used when: (A) it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause; AND (B) one of the following is true: (1) the ing action is SIMULTANEOUS with the main action; - i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly (2) the ing action is a DIRECT CONSEQUENCE of the main action. - i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91 other examples: joe ran down the sidewalk, flaili ng his arms . ➔ correct (simultaneous) my cousin took extra classes every semester in college, graduating in three years . ➔ correct, because the ing is an actual consequence of the first action. my cousin ate frozen food every day in college, graduating in three years . -- incorrect, because there is no relationship (in particular, the second thing is not a consequence of the first thing, and isnt simultaneous either). 所以那个including 不可能修饰authenticity，要不修饰前面句子，要不句子主语作伴随； 但是如果根据（1）说的，那么有时候including 修饰前面句子和主语作伴随不合理； （2）但是RON 又说过： important: INCLUDING is an EXCEPTION to the otherwise robust rules for comma+ing modifiers. when you see comma + including, you should think of including as a preposition, not as an -ing modifier. therefore, including X will become a prepositional phrase that describes the stuff preceding the comma. 即吖RON 说，including 可以作介词，可以不一定修饰前面句子或名词， 或伴随；是 ..., V-ing 的一个例外exception 。 即RON: comma + including can stand for the preceding NOUN -- or the preceding NOUN + MODIFIERS, if there are modifiers attached to the noun. 例题： GWD-29-Q10 与GWD-3-Q3(新PREP1#215)对比 Including 修饰instructions The principal feature of the redesigned checks is a series of printed instructions that the company hopes will help merchants confirm a check’s authenticity, which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signa