must与have to的区别。many、much、some、any、a lot of、a few、a little的区别整理.pdfVIP

一、must、have （got）to 的区别 1、must （情态动词）必须，一定要。表示主观的义务和必要，主要用于肯定句和疑问句 中。由must 引起的疑问句，肯定回答用must 或have to，否定回答用needn’t 或don’t have to，意思为‘不必，不需要’。mustn’t 表示禁止，‘不能，不许’。 --You must see the doctor, Joe. You don’t look very well. --You mustn’t play with fire, you may burn yourself. --Must I clean the window now? --No, you needn’t. Must 也可以表示肯定的猜测，常用于肯定句中，意思为‘一定是，必然’。 --Your sister must be a doctor in this hospital. --It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. --Harry has been reading all day, and he must be tired. 2、have to 与 have got to 常可以互换，‘不得不，不得已，必须’，是一种客观的需要， 属于被动情况。否定形式是don’t have to，相当于needn’t。 --My mother is out, so I have (got) to look after the shop. --Jack’s ill, so they have got to change their plans. --They don’t have to buy a computer at present. 另外，must 没有时态的变化，过去时或将来时必须用have (got) to --I must go to Shanghai today. --I have to go to Shanghai tomorrow. 3、have got 意思为‘拥有’，相当于have，常用于口语中。一般用于一般现在时中，在 过去时，完成时或进行时中只能用have。可以和情态动词合用。 --We must have got a car. --I had a good job last year in Shanghai. 但在助动词或动词不定式之后，只能用have，不能用have got。 --I don’t have a bike. --Do you have a bike? 2、some、any、many、much、a lot of、few、little 的区别 ** some: ‘一些，有些（表示不确切的数量或数目）’。可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。主 要用于肯定句中或带有请求的疑问句中。 --We need some meat, and we need some potatoes. 1 /2 ** Any: ‘一些，少许’。 可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。主要用于否定句和疑问句中。 --We haven’t got any meat at all. Do you have any? ** many : ‘许多，大量’。用于修饰可数名词，如 she has got many cars. --We haven’t got many tomatoes, but we have got much tea. ** much : ‘许多，大量’。用于修饰不可数名词，too much water （太多水）。 --I have got much money, I can buy many books. ** a lot of: 等同于 lots of。 ‘许多，大量’。可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。与many、 much 意思相同，但其不可以修饰年、月、日、时等时间单位。如：I lived here many years. 另外，a lot 可作为修饰性的短语状语，如：Thanks a lot! 非常感谢！ --We need a lot of things this week. ** few: ‘少数的，很少的，几乎没有’ a few ‘少数几个’。用于修饰可数名词。 --I have a few friends, b