普通地质学3.6 Solution spaces of linear systems普通地质学.pdf

Solution spaces of linear systems Introduction In general, an m nlinear system of linear equations × Ax = b may have no solution, a unique solution, or infinitely many solutions. If the system has If the system has no solutionno solution, we can find its least squares , we can find its least squares solution. If the system has a unique solution, we can find it if A is a square matrix. The uniqueness of solution of Ax = b is related to inverse of A. Introduction If Ax = b has infinitely many solutions, what is the structure of its solution space? In this section we will give consistency theorems for a linear system, and show the structure of its solution space if it has infinitely many solutions. Then we discuss the method of finding the solution space of a consistent linear system and show an example. Outline 1. Consistency theorems 2.2. Solution to a consistent linear systemSolution to a consistent linear system 3. How to find the solution space of a consistent linear system 4. Example Consistency theorems A linear system Ax = b has a solution if and only if b can be written as a linear combination of the column vectors of A. b is in the column space of A A linear system Ax = b has a solution A linear system Ax = b has a solution if and only if a row echelon form of the augmented matrix has no row of the form [0 0 … c], where cis not zero. A linear system Ax = b has a solution if and only if the rank of the augmented matrix equals to the rank of A . Solution to a consistent linear system Th If a linear system Ax = b is consistent and x0 is a particular solution, then a vector x will also be a solution if and only if x = x0 + z, where z ∈N(A). Proof.Proof. If x = xIf x = x00 + z, where z + z, where z ∈N(A), N(A), Ax = Ax +Az = Ax +0 = b.