普通地质学3.2 Definitions of subspaces普通地质学.pdf

Definitions of subspaces Introduction Given a vector space V, it is often possible to form another vector space by taking a subset S of V and using the operations of V. For a new system using a subset SFor a new system using a subset S of Vof V as its universal set as its universal set to be a vector space, the set S must be closed under the operations of addition and scalar multiplication. In this section we will give the definition of subspace, show some important examples including the null space of a matrix and spanning set for a vector space. . Introduction We want to look more closely at the structure of vector spaces. generating set To begin with, we restrict ourselves to vector spaces that can be generated from a finite set of elements using only the operations of addition and scalar multiplication. the operations of addition and scalar multiplication. The generating set is usually referred to as a spanning set. In particular, it is desirable to find a minimal spanning set with no unnecessary elements. Outline 1. Definition of subspace 2. Null space of a matrix 3. Spanning set for a vector space 4. Examples Definition of subspace If S is a nonempty subset of a vector space V, and S satisfies the conditions (i) αx ∈S whenever x ∈S for any scalar α, (ii) x + y ∈S whenever x ∈S and y ∈S, then S is said to be a subspace of V. A subspace of V, then, is a subset S that is closed under the operations of V. Remarks about subspace To show that a subset S of a vector space forms a subspace, we must show that S is nonempty and that the closure properties (i) and (ii) in the definition are satisfied. 0 ∈{0}, α0 ∈{0}, 0 + 0 = 0 ∈{0}. {0} is a subspace of V, called {0} is a subspace of V, called the zero subspace.the zero subspace. Every subspace of a vector space is a vector