Ch 5 Phonology The Sound Patterns of LanguageCH 5语音语言的声音模式.pptVIP

Feature-Changing Rules ? Assimilation and dissimilation are feature- changing rules ? But some feature-changing rules are neither assimilation nor dissimilation rules – For example, adding aspiration in English does not make the voiceless stop more or less like neighboring sounds Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules ? Phonological rules may also add or delete entire segments – Adding a segment is known as epenthesis ? The rules for forming plurals, possessives, and third person singular verb agreement in English all involve an epenthesis rule: Insert a [ ? ] before the plural morpheme /z/ when a regular noun ends in a sibilant, giving [ ? z] Movement (Metathesis) Rules ? Metathesis rules reorder the sequence of phonemes – For some speakers, the word ask is pronounced as [ ? ks], and in this case a metathesis rule reorders the /s/ and /k/ in certain contexts – In Old English the verb was aksian , and a historical metathesis rule switched the consonants so that most dialects of English now have the verb ask . From One to Many and from Many to One ? In English unstressed vowels are reduced to [ ? ] ? German has both voiced and voiceless obstruents as phonemes, but when they occur at the end of words, they become voiceless The Function of Phonological Rules ? Phonological rules provide the phonetic information necessary for the pronunciation of utterances – Derivation : the way the phonological rules apply to the underlying phonemic representation to create the phonetic representation: Slips of the Tongue: Evidence for Phonological Rules ? Speech errors show phonological rules in action: – Intended utterance: gone to seed [g? n t ? sid] – Actual utterance: god to seen [gad t ? si n ] ? Here the reversal of the consonants also changed the nasality of the vowels ? The vowel [? ] in the intended utterance is replaced by [a] because the vowel is no longer followed by a nasal (since the /n/ and /d/ switched) and the vowel [i] in the intended u