材料的特性外文文献翻译、中英文翻译.docVIP

附译文一 Classification of Engineering Materials Materials are the matter of the universe. These substances have properties that make them useful in structure, devices, products, and systems. The term properties describe behavior of materials when subjected to some external force or condition. Engineering materials is a term often used loosely to define most materials that go into products and systems. Engineering materials can also have a more specific meaning that refers to materials whose structure has been designed to develop specific properties for a given application. There are nearly a limitless variety of materials. The method to understand them is to consider all materials as members of a big family. Materials that possess common characteristics are placed into their own group within the family. Although overlaps exist in the grouping system, it is easier to understand materials when relationships are identified. Four groups, metallics, polymers, ceramics, and composites comprise the main group; a fifth group of other materials is used for materials that do not fit well into the four groups. Each group then divides into subgroups. Within any system such as transportation, communications, or construction, numerous materials systems exist. These systems must pull materials from the groups with the material’s family to meet their special needs. The wise materials user recognizes the many options available because of the compatibility between groups and then proceeds to develop a materials system that meets a specific need. The grouping system used here follows closely grouping systems common to engineering. Slight differences exist in other grouping systems. For example, one system might divide materials into metals, polymers, ceramics, glass, wood, and concrete. Some systems divide all materials into three group: organics, metals, and ceramics. The they distinguish between natural and synthetic materials. Other group materials are as crystalline or amorphous. Reg