大气科学概论：第3章气温的日变化3.5.pptVIP

Daily temperature variations Conduction 传导： Heat exchange by random motion of molecules 物体内分子到分子的热量传递。 Reasons for temperature variation Heat Conductivity 热传导率 由于分子振动传输热量的能力。 Air is a poor heat conductor Convection 对流： Thermal bubbles Organized convection or deep convection (with phase transformation) 有组织的对流（深对流），有相变 Temperature advection温度平流 Local temperature variation with time: T T+?T u Cold advection 冷平流 Turbulence by wind shear 风的垂直切变导致空气湍流混合 Turbulent mixing Factors involved in the variations in temperature导致温度变化的其它因子 Things become even more complicated if considering radiation (clouds, water bodies, sea breeze, vegetation, types of soil, snow, …) Daily temperature variations 温度日变化 Given their random motion, the “hot” molecules below bring greater kinetic energy to the cooler air; the “cool” molecules above bring a deficit of energy to the hot, surface air. On a sunny, calm day, the air near the surface can be substantially warmer than the air a meter or so above the surface. Warmed by conduction and convection warmed by conduction and convection. Warmed by conduction, convection and turbulent mixing The sun is highest at noon, but the temperature maximum is in the afternoon Energy balance，温度变化的实质是能量平衡 Nighttime cooling夜晚冷却 On a clear, calm night, the air near the surface can be much colder than the air above. The increase in air temperature with increasing height above the surface is called a radiation temperature inversion. Due to a poor heat conductor and a much better radiator Radiational cooling: both the ground and air above cool by radiating infrared energy. But the ground is able to cool more quickly. strong radiation inversion tends to occur: Long nighttime----longer time radiational cooling air is calm-----weak mixing air is dry----less condensation (wet surface or covered with vegetation can add water vapor to the air) cloud-free----emit more energy to outer space Snow----good insulating blanket and good emitter (good soil co