七年制呼吸系统.pptxVIP

IntroductionThe disease of respiratory system is one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization of infants and children.Basic knowledge of the development and functions of respiratory system are essential上、下呼吸道cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 1. characteristics of respiratory systemThe upper airway??nose;??paranasal sinuses;??pharynx; larynx；??Eustachian tube(咽鼓管）naso-lacrymal duct （鼻泪管）鼻窦(paranasal sinuses)Maxillary sinuses appear at 2yrs, develop fully after 12yrs.Frontal sinuses appear at 2-3yrs, enlarge at 6yrs Paranasalsinusitis rarely occurs in infants.咽部（pharynx）Relatively narrow and vertical, rich in lymphoid tissue.tonsils begin to enlarge gradually at the end of 1 yrs →develop at 4-10 yrs →degenerated gradually after 14-15 yrs.Tonsillitis is often seen in elder children than in infants.鼻泪管（Eustachian tube）Broad, straight and short in infant;The position →horizontal;So when an infant catches cold, he may be complicated with tympanitis.喉（larynx）Narrow in infantsThe mucous membrane is rich in vascularity.Congested and swollen in inflammation →dyspnea. The low airwayTrachea;bronchus;lung;Trachea and bronchusThe lumen of trachea and bronchus →relatively narrow;Mucosa →rich in vascularity;Cillium movement →poor;So easy to get infection →develop obstructionThe right bronchus →direct continuation of the trachea;The left bronchus spreads out from the lateral surface of trachea; So foreign body →often aspirated into right bronchuslungsInterstitial tissue↑Alveoli ↓Blood ↑Air ↓easy to get inflammation→atelectasis(3) Mediastinum and chest wallmediastinum→relatively larger in infant than in adult.Surrounding tissue of mediastinum→loose and elastic.If the pleural effusion or pneumothorax occurs →mediastinal organs are easily displaced.2.physiological characteristics??(1) Frequency and rhythm of respirationThe younger the child, the more rapid the respiration is. The metabolism and oxygen requirement of infants →high, but respiratory volume is limited ??(2) Type of respirat