季风与高原气象动力学完整教学课件.pptVIP

Pacific Decadal Oscillation?1925 to 2010 A schematic of modern thermohaline?circulation. Tens of millions of years ago, continental-plate movement formed a land-free gap around Antarctica, allowing the formation of the?ACC, which keeps warm waters away from Antarctica. Increase in atmospheric CO2 levels Milankovitch cycles from 800,000 years ago in the past to 800,000 years in the future. Variations in?CO2, temperature and dust from the?Vostok?ice core over the last 450,000 years Variations in solar activity during the last several centuries based on observations of?sunspots and?beryllium?isotopes. The period of extraordinarily few sunspots in the late 17th century was the Maunder minimum. In atmospheric temperature from 1979 to 2010, determined by?MSU?NASA satellites, effects appear from aerosols?released by major volcanic eruptions (El?Chichón?and?Pinatubo). El?Ni?o?is a separate event, from ocean variability. Comparisons between Asian?Monsoons?from 200?A.D.to 2000?A.D.?(staying in the background on other plots), Northern Hemisphere temperature, Alpine glacier extent (vertically inverted as marked), and human history as noted by the U.S.?NSF ? Arctic temperature anomalies over a 100-year period as estimated by NASA. Typical high monthly variance can be seen, while longer-term averages highlight trends. Decline in thickness of glaciers worldwide over the past half-century This time series, based on satellite data, shows the annual Arctic sea ice minimum since 1979. The September 2010 extent was the third lowest in the satellite record. Top:?Arid?ice age climateMiddle:?Atlantic Period, warm and wetBottom:?Potential vegetation in climate now if not for human effects like agriculture. Global warming Global mean land-ocean temperature change from 1880 to 2014, relative to the 1951–1980 mean. The black line is the annual mean and the red line is the 5-year?running mean. The green bars show uncertainty estimates. Source:?NASA GISS Global warming?and?climate