大学生物课讲义ppt模板之噬菌体chapter.pptxVIP

Chapter 4Membrane Function;3. Membrane Function;Working cells must control the flow of materials to and from the environment. Membrane proteins help with this task, they are the custom agents of the cells.;Here are some functions of protein membranes;Permeability of the Plasma Membrane;;Molecules can pass through the membrane through different mechanisms;Passage of Molecules Into and Out of the Cell;Diffusion is one result of the movement of molecules. Molecules tend to spread into the available space. Diffusion is passive transport; NO energy is needed.;;Gases can diffuse through a membrane Oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit this way;Several factors influence the rate of diffusion Temperature As temperature increases, the rate of diffusion increases Pressure Electrical currents Molecular size ;B. Osmosis and Water Balance in Cells;Osmosis Diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane Diffusion always occurs from higher to lower concentration Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops in a system due to osmosis The greater the possible osmotic pressure, the more likely it is that water will diffuse in that direction ;A hypertonic solution Has a higher concentration of solute. A hypotonic solution Has a lower concentration of solute. An isotonic solution Has an equal concentration of solute.;Water Balance in Animal Cells;C. Active Transport:The Pumping of Molecules Across Membranes;Transport by Carrier Proteins Carrier proteins are specific Combine with a molecule or ion to be transported across the membrane Carrier proteins are required for: Facilitated Transport Active Transport;Facilitated transport Small molecules that are not lipid-soluble Molecules follow the concentration gradient Energy is NOT required;Active Transport Molecules combine with carrier proteins Often called pumps Molecules move against the concentration gradient Entering or leaving cell Energy is required ;;;;In phagocytosis (“cellular eating”), a cell engulfs a part