微生物吸收营养物质的方式单纯扩散.pptxVIP

微生物吸收营养物质的方式;1、单纯扩散(simple diffusion or passive diffusion);1、单纯扩散(simple diffusion or passive diffusion);; 单纯扩散模式图;三营养物通过与细胞膜上载体蛋白（也称作透过酶permease）的可逆性结合来加快其传递速度;促进扩散(facilitated diffusion);;Proteins that act as carriers are too large to move across the membrane. They are transmembrane proteins. They cycle between two conformations in which a solute binding site is accessible on one side of the membrane or the other. ;促进扩散模式图;;主动运输(Active transport);主动运输(Active transport) ;;主动运输模式图;Na+-K+-ATP酶系统;作用步骤: 1. ATP酶(E)在细胞内侧与3个Na+结合,同时消耗能量; 2. 磷酸化ATP酶(E+)构象变化将Na+排除胞外,并与2个K+ 结合; 3. K+激发E+脱磷酸化恢复为E, 同时将K+运入细胞. ; 基因转位是一种特殊的主动运输，与普通的主动运输相比，营养物质在运输的过程中发生了化学变化（糖在运输的过程中发生了磷酸化）。其余特点与主动运输相同。 基因转位主要存在于厌氧和兼性厌氧型细菌中，也主要是用于单（或双）糖与糖的衍生物，以及核苷与脂肪散的运输 ;在酶Ⅰ的作用下HPr被激活;运送机制:是依靠磷酸转移酶系统,即磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-己糖磷酸转移酶系统. 运送步骤: 1.热稳载体蛋白(HPr)的激活 细胞内高能化合物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸（PEP）的磷酸基团把HPr激活。 酶1 PEP+HPr 丙酮酸+P-HPr HPr是一种低分子量的可溶性蛋白，结合在细胞膜上，具有高能磷酸载体的作用。 ;2、糖被磷酸化后运入膜内 膜外环境中的糖先与外膜表面的酶2结合，再被转运到内膜表面。这时，糖被P-HPr上的磷酸激活，并通过酶2的作用将糖-磷酸释放到细胞内。 酶2 P-HPr+糖 糖-P +HPr 酶2是一种结合于细胞膜上的蛋白，它对底物具有特异性选择作用，因此细胞膜上可诱导出一系列与底物分子相应的酶2。;基团移位模式图;四种运输营养物质方式的比较;;There are four types of carrier-mediated transport systems in procaryotes. The carrier is a protein (or group of proteins) that function in the passage of a small molecule from one side of a membrane to another. A transport system may be a single transmembranous protein that forms a channel that admits passage of a specific solute. Or a transport system may be a coordinated system of proteins that binds and sequentially passes a small molecule through membrane. Transport systems have the property of specificity for the solute transported. Some transport systems transport a single solute with the same specificity and kinetics as an enzyme. Some transport systems will transport (structurally) related molecules, although at reduced efficiency compared to their primary substrate. Most transport systems transport s