发育生物学：Ciona intestinalis (玻璃海鞘),.ppt

Basic concepts of electroporation Shi et al, 2005 Main topics of the lecture Specification of early embryonic cell fates Tissue morphogenesis: notochord convergent extension and heart cell migration Evo-devo, the chordate origin of secondary heart field, from fossils to embryos Lineage restriction of early blastomere fates What is maternal determinant? mRNA or protein, localized to special regions in the oocyte, What is required to make cells different? Cell-cell interaction, asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants How to determine whether a cell fate has been committed? Transplantation, cell isolation, inhibition of cell division Gene regulatory networks control lineage specific cell fates A complex interplay between maternal factors and zygotic genes Morphogenesis: from specific cell fates to unique cell behavior and pattern formation Cell behaviors are determined by their fates: endoderm invaginates, mesoderm converges, neural crest migrates, etc. Cell behavior is tightly regulated: when to start, where to go, at which point to stop, etc. Cell-cell communication and cell-matrix interactions are required for constructing fine 3-D structures Cell movements as the basis for embryonicpattern formation Solnica-Krezel 2005 Zebrafish gastrulation movements Convergent extension (C/E), the major morphogenetic event shaping chordate embryos Convergent extension (C/E), the major morphogenetic event shaping chordate embryos Ciona notochord morphogenesis What is notochord? What is the basic structure of notochord? What function does notochord play? How does notochord form? Notochord cell behavior Notochord plate time lapse Isolated notochord cell behavior FGF signal gradient specifies notochord polarity Shi et al, 2009 Heart cell migration Ciona heart consists of a single chambered beating muscular structure It is specified by MAPK signaling to separate from its tail muscle sibling fate It undergoes anterior migration Heart gene regulatory networks H