《基础物理学》电子教案 哈里德 HR42_ver1.pptVIP

* Chapter 42 In the previous chapters we have looked at the quantum behavior of electrons in various potentials (quantum wells, atoms, etc) but have neglected what happens at the center of the atom, the nucleus. For the last 90 years, a principal goal of physics has been to work out the quantum physics of nuclei themselves. In that same period new applications ranging from radiation therapy in cancer treatment to detecting radon gas in basements have been developed. Nuclear Physics 42- Discovering the Nucleus 42- Fig. 42-1 Fig. 42-2 Fig. 42-3 Rutherford, Geiger, Marsden experiments 1911-1913 →nucleus is small in size, massive, and positively charged Not plum pudding (evenly distributed)! Some Nuclear Properties 42- Mass Binding Energy Nuclide Z N A Stability (u) Spin (MeV/nucleon) 1H 1 0 1 99.985% 1.007 825 1/2 ─ 7Li 3 4 7 92.5% 7.016 004 1/2 5.60 31P 15 16 31 100% 30.973 762 1/2 8.48 84Kr 36 48 84 57.0% 83.911 507 0 8.72 120Sn 50 70 120 32.4% 119.902 197 0 8.51 157Gd 64 93 157 15.7% 156.923 957 3/2 8.21 197Au 79 118 197 100% 196.966 552 3/2 7.91 227Ac 89 138 227 21.8 y 227.027 747 3/2 7.65 239Pu 94 145 239 24 100 y 239.052 157 1/2 7.56 Table 42-1 Some Properties of Selected Nuclides Atomic number or proton number: Z Number of neutrons or neutron number: N Total number of neutrons and protons, mass number: A Some Nuclear Terminology 42- Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Nuclides with same Z but different A are called isotopes, e.g., 173Au to 204Au Radionuclides decay (or disintegrate) by emitting a particle, thereby transforming into a different nuclide Nuclidic Chart Organizing the Nuclides 42- Fig. 42