高聚物合成原理、结构及应用高分子材料成型加工应用挤出机冷却系统.pdf

3.7 Heating and Cooling Systems 77 system directly on the barrel surface, allowing accurate temperature control with fast response. A major drawback of induction heating is its high cost. 3.7.2„Fluid Heating Fluid heating allows even temperatures over the entire heat transfer area, avoiding local overheating. If the same heat transfer fluid is used for cooling, an even reduc- tion in temperatures can be achieved. The maximum operating temperature of most fluids is relatively low, generally below 250°C. A few fluids can operate at high temperature; however, they often produce toxic vapors—this constitutes a consider- able safety hazard. Fluid heating systems require considerable space, and installa- tion and operating expenses are high. Another drawback with fluid heating is that if several zones need to be maintained at different temperatures, several independent fluid heating systems are required. This becomes rather expensive, bulky, and in - effective. Steam heating is rarely used on extruders anymore, although most of the very early extruders were heated this way, particularly rubber extruders. Steam is a good heat transfer fluid because of its high specific heat. However, it is difficult to increase the temperature to sufficiently high temperatures (200°C and above) as required in polymer extrusion. This requires very high steam pressures; most extrusion plants nowadays are not equipped with proper steam generating facilities to do this. Addi- tional problems are bulkiness, chance of leakage, corrosion, heat losses, etc. 3.7.3„Extruder Cooling Extruder cooling in most extrusion operations is a necessary evil. In all cases, cool- ing should be minimized as much as possible; preferably, it should be eliminated altogether. The reason is that any amount of extruder cooling reduces the energy efficiency of the process, because cooling translates d