生产运作管理之设施设计课件.pptxVIP

生产与运作管理Production and OperationsManagement第二章设施设计Design of Facilities第二章 设施与作业设计（Design of Facilities and Jobs）设施位置选择（ Facility Location） 设施布置（ Facility Layout）*作业设计（Job Design）第一节 设施位置选择（ Facility Location） 设施位置决策（Decision）设施位置选择的因素（Considerations）设施位置分析方法（Methods）In General - Location DecisionsLong-term decisionsDifficult to reverseAffect fixed variable costsTransportation cost As much as 25% of product priceOther costs: Taxes, wages, rent etc.Objective: Maximize benefit of location to firmIndustrial Location DecisionsCost focusRevenue varies little between locationsLocation is a major cost factorAffects shipping production costs (e.g., labor)Costs vary greatly between locationsService Location DecisionsRevenue focusCosts vary little between market areasLocation is a major revenue factorAffects amount of customer contactAffects volume ofbusinessRegion/CommunityCountrySiteLocation Decision SequenceFactors Affecting Location资源（人力、原材料、能源、资本、土地的价格及其供应状况）运输（费用及其设施状况）市场（需求量、结构、竞争、价格、顾客分布及其需求特点）建筑（费用及其条件）；税收、保险（种类、政策及其水平）；自然条件（气候、地理位置、地质状况）；经济条件（基础设施、生活质量）；社会条件（文化习俗、公众态度）；政治条件（政府政策及其态度、政治稳定）。Location Evaluation MethodsFactor-rating methodLocational break-even analysisCenter of gravity methodTransportation modelFactor-Rating MethodMost widely used location techniqueUseful for service industrial locationsRates locations using factorsIntangible (qualitative) factorsExample: Education quality, labor skillsTangible (quantitative) factorsExample: Short-run long-run costsExample： Factor Rating MethodLocational Break-Even AnalysisMethod of cost-volume analysis used for industrial locationsStepsDetermine fixed variable costs for each locationPlot total cost for each locationSelect location with lowest total cost for expected production volumeMust be above break-evenLocational Break-Even Analysis ExampleYou’re an analyst for AC Delco. You’re considering a new manufacturing plant in Akron, Bowling Green, or Chicago. Fixed costs per year are $30k, $60k, $110k respectively.