机床基础外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译.doc

Fundamentals of Machine Tools In many cases products from the primanry forming processes must undergo further refinements in size and surface finish to meet their design specifications. To meet such precise tolerances the removal of small amounts of material is needed. Usually machine tools are used for such operation. In the United States material removal is a big business-in excess of $36×10 per year, including material, labor, overhead, and machine-tool shipments. Since 60 percent of themechanical and industrial engineering and technology graduates have something connected with the machining industry either through sale, design, or operation of machine shops,or working in related industry, it is wise for an engineering studet to devote some time in his curriculum to studying material removal and machine tools. A machine tool provides the means for cutting tools to shape a workpiece to required dimensions; the machine supports the tool and the workpiece in a controlled relationship through the functioning of its basic member,which are as follows: (1) Bed, Structure or Fram. This is the main member which provides a basis for, and a connection between, the spindles and slides; the distortion and vibration under load must be kept to a minimum. (2) Slides and Slideways. The translation of a machine element(e.g. the slide) is normally achieved by straight-line motion under the constraint of accurate guiding surfaces(the slideway). (3) Spindles and Bearings. Angular displacements take place an axis of rotation; the position of this axis must be constant within extremely fine limits in machine tools, and is ensured by the provision of precision spindles and bearings. (4) Power Unit. The electric motor is the universally adopted power unit for machine tools. By suitably positioning individual motors, belt and gear transmissions are reduced to minimum. (5) Transmission Linkage. Linkage is the general term used to denote the mechanical, hydraulic, pneum