第五章蛋白质的生物合成翻译translation.pptxVIP

Chapter 12Translation Translation The synthesis of protein molecules using mRNA as the template, in other word, to translate the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into the amino acid sequence of protein according to the genetic codon.　　Section 1 Protein Synthetic SystemProtein synthesis requires multiple elements to participate and coordinate. mRNA, rRNA, tRNAsubstrates: 20 amino acidsEnzymes and protein factors: initiation factor (IF), elongation factor (EF), releasing factor (RF)ATP, GTP, Mg2+§1.1 Template and Codon Messenger RNA is the template for the protein synthesis.Prokaryotic mRNA is polycistron, that is, a single mRNA molecule may code for more than one peptides. Eukaryotic mRNA is monocistron, that is, each mRNA codes for only one peptide. polycistron3?5?-PPPproteinmonocistron3?5?-mG -PPPproteinNon-codingribosomal protein binding siteCoding region Stop codonStarting codeGenetic codon Three adjacent nucleotides in the 5′-3′ direction on mRNA constitute a genetic codon, or triplet codon. One genetic codon codes for one amino acid. Genetic codonThree codons for stop signal: UAA, UAG, UGA.One codon for start signal: AUG. It also codes for methionine.61 codons for 20 amino acids.UAA3A U5 G Properties of genetic codon 1. Commaless A complete sequence of mRNA, from the initiation codon to the termination codon, is termed as the open reading maless The genetic codons should be read continuously without spacing or overlapping. spacingoverlappingFrameshift2. Degeneracy 　GCU ACU　GCC ACC　GCA ACA　GCG ACGThrAlaExcept Met and Trp, the rest amino acids have 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 triplet codons. These degenerated codons differ only on the third nucleotide.3. WobbleNon-Watson-Crick base pairing is permissible between the third nucleotide of the codon on mRNA and the first nucleotide of the anti-codon on tRNA. Base-pair of codon and anticodon　 4. Universal The genetic codons for amino acids are always the same with a few exceptions of mitochondrial mRNA. CytoplasmAUA: IleA