钢筋混凝土桩和钢筋混凝土结构外文翻译.pdfVIP

钢筋混凝土桩和钢筋混凝土结构 Piles, Reinforced Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Structures Piles Piles are structural members of timber, concrete, and/or steel, used to transmit surface loads to lower levels in the soil mass. This may be by vertical distribution of the load along the pile shaft or a direct application of load to the lower stratum through the pile point. A vertical distribution of the load is made using a friction pile and a direct load application is made by a point, or end-bearing pile. This distinction of piles is purely one of convenience since all piles function as a combination of side resistance and point bearing except when the pile penetrates an extremely soft soil to a solid base. Piles are commonly used: (1) To carry the superstructure loads into or through a soil stratum. Both vertical and lateral loads may be involved. (2) To resist uplift, or overturning, forces as for basement mats below the water table or to support tower legs subjected to overturning. (3) To compact loose, cohesionless deposits through a combination of pile volume displacement and driving vibrations. These piles may be later pulled. (4) To control settlements when spread footings or a mat is on a marginal soil or is underlain by a highly compressible stratum. (5) To stiffen the soil beneath machine foundations to control both amplitudes of vibration and the natural frequency of the system. (6) As an additional safety factor beneath bridge abutments and/or piers, particularly if scour is a potential problem. (7) In offshore construction to transmit loads above the water surface through the water and into the underlying soil. This is a case of partially embedded piling subjected to vertical( and buckling) as well as lateral loads. Piles are sometimes used to contr