《大气科学基础》地面和大气辐射.pptVIP

?大气科学根底?课件§3 地面和大气辐射;〔1〕地面和大气的长波辐射; 二氧化碳有两个吸收带，中心分别位于4.3 微米和14.7 微米。第一个吸收带位于温度为200～300K的绝对黑体放射能量曲线的末端，它的作用不大，第二个吸收带从～17.1 微米，比较重要； 臭氧在9—10微米之间有一狭窄的吸收带； 大气在整个长波段，除8～12 μm一段处之外，其余的透射率近于零即吸收率近于1。 8～12 μm吸收率最小，透明度最大，称为“大气之窗〞。这个波段的辐射，正好位于地面辐射能力最强处，所以地面辐射有20％的能量透过这一窗口射向空间。;大气中长波辐射过程的特点 与短波辐射相比，长波辐射的差异在于： 不是平行辐射，是漫射辐射； 大气中长波辐射的过程不仅要考虑吸收过程而且要考虑大气本身对长波辐射的发射过程； 散射过程可以忽略不计。因为空气分子的尺度远比长波波长小。;〔3〕大气逆辐射和地面有效辐射;影响地面有效辐射的因子 地-气间的温度差：通常，地面温度高于大气，地面有效辐射为正，地面失去热量；如果近地层有很强的逆温出现，地面有效辐射为负，地面得到热量； 湿度：地面有效辐射在湿热天气情况下比干冷天气小； 云：有云地面有效辐射小，无云地面有效辐射大； 地表性质：有植被，地面有效辐射小；无植被，地面有效辐射大。;〔4〕射出长波辐射;Regions colored in red and purple define regions of high amount of infrared radiation leaving the earth, and green and blue colors denote low IR values. From the Stefan-Boltzmann equation, we can also say that the radiating regions colored red and purple are warmer than those colored green and blue. As expected, the tropical and subtropical regions have the highest outgoing radiation (and temperature) and polar regions have lowest values. ;This Fig. is also from Harrison et al, 1988, depicts the diurnal range, that is the day-to-night changes, in amount of radiated energy in Wm-2 under cloud-free skies for April 1985. Note that the range of values is much lower than for the previous photograph ;Now if we consider the effect of clouds, we get a quite different picture. Figure shows outgoing radiation, including effects of clouds, averaged over the entire month of April 1985.;This shows the effect of clouds in reducing the diurnal variation. Note, for instance, that around the margins of the Sahara Desert in Northern Africa the area of high diurnal range shrinks when clouds are present. Clouds tend to keep daytime temperatures lower and nighttime temperatures higher, thereby reducing the diurnal range in two ways. ;This fig. shows a composite of the outgoing longwave radiation for 10 Januarys (Bess et al, 1989). A notable feature of this plot is that, while the South American and African minima in out