发展经济学复习重点.pdfVIP

发展经济学复习重点 第一章 1. What is the LDCs Less Developed Countries: the standard is per capita income below $7,000 in 1993. 2.Which countries do belong to the LDCs? Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) 新兴工业化国家 Most Latin America Countries 大多数拉美国家 Countries in and around the Sahel萨赫勒地区和周围的国家 Capitalsurplus oil exporters资本公积的石油出口国 3.What characters do LDCs have? Lower levels of living and productivity生活和生产力水平较低 ? Lower levels of human capital较低水平的人力资本 更高水平的不平等和绝对贫困 ? Higher levels of inequality and absolute poverty ? Higher population growth rates 较高的人口增长率 ? Greater social fractionalization大社会 ? ? Larger rural populationrapid migration to cities较大的农村人口迅速向城市迁移 ? Lower levels of industrialization and manufactured exports下级工业化和制成品出口 不良地理 ? Adverse geography ? Underdeveloped financial and other markets 不发达的金融市场和其他市场 ? Colonial legaciespoor institutions etc. 殖民地 legaciespoor 机构等 4. Growth VS development Growth means quantitative increases in per capita GDP, whereas development is a more qualitative concept. A Sen defines as an improvement in functional capabilities, the development society ’s ability to perform essential tasks. So, development is not only the growth, it contains the changes in economic structure, such as changes in industrial structure, human development and income distribution improvements. 增长意味着人均国内生产总值的数量增加，而发展是一个定性概念。 一个森的定义是在功能方面的能力改善， 社会的能力，以执行基本任务的发展。因此， 发展 不仅是增长，它包含了经济结构的变化，如产业结构的变化，人类发展和改善收入分配。 第二章 1. The biases in GDP measurement Nonmarket transactions Underground economy Externalities Biases of market prices Biases of intermediate activities Nonproduced goods to improve wellbeing Sustainability of growth 非市场交易，地下经济，外部，对市场价格的偏差，偏见的中间活动 非生产的商品，以改善福利 增长的可持续性 2. Make comparisons of GDP across time The nominal GDP should