近代分析实验原理：第七课-电子能量损失谱.pptVIP

The carbon atom has hybridized s and p orbitals (termed s and p in molecular-orbital theory). Graphite contains sp2 bonds in the basal plane with Van der Waals bonding between the planes. In contrast, the diamond structure has four directional, hybridized, sp3 covalent bonds and the atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated rather than arranged in graphitic sheets. The strong peak K edge at 284 eV identifies the empty p* states into which the K shell electrons are transferred in graphite, while the diamond K edge has no p* peak but shows a strong s* peak at about 290 eV. This kind of information is also extremely useful in the study of thin diamond and diamond-like carbon films, which are of great interest to both semiconductor manufacturers and the coatings industry (sunglasses in particular). Carbon films can be made with a continuous range of graphitic and diamond-like character and it is possible to deduce the relative fraction of sp3 (diamond) and sp2 (graphite) bonding from the K edge ELNES (Bruley et al.). Since Cu metal has all its 3d states filled, there are no white lines in spectra from the metal. Upon oxidation, some 3d electrons are transferred to the oxygen, leaving unfilled states, and the white lines appear in the oxide spectrum. Note also that the onset of the oxide edge is different from that of the metal, because this electron transfer changes the value of EC. * If, after an atom is ionized, the ejected electron does not fill an empty state but escapes outside the atom, then it acts like a free electron (typically with energy 50 eV). We can interpret this excess energy as an electron wave, which can be diffracted by the atoms in the structure around the original ionization site. Because the electron has higher energy than those which gave rise to multiplescattering ELNES, the diffraction is assumed to be a single-scattering event, as shown back in Figure 40.1B, and this diffraction causes oscillations on the otherwise smooth DOS. We call these oscillat