新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter--Four---Syntax.docVIP

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新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter--Four---Syntax.doc

word word PAGE / NUMPAGES word Chapter Four Syntax 句法学 一、定义 1. syntax句法学:Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 句法学是一门争辩语言的规章,这些规章把握句子的形成。〔把单词凑在一起形成句子〕 二、学问点 4.2 Category 范畴 Syntactic category 句法类型: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called Syntactic category. 单词可以被组成数量相对较小的类别,称为句法类型。 This classification reflects a variety of factors, (1) including the type of meaning that words express, (2) the type of affies that they take, (3) and the type of structures in which they can occur. 这种分类反映出各种不同的因素:〔1〕包括单词所表达的意义的类别,〔2〕它们所带词缀的类别,〔3〕它们所能消灭的结构的类别。 4.2.1 word level category词层面类型〔对于句法学而言最核心的类型〕 1. Major lexical categories 主要词汇类型〔词性〕:名、动、形、副词 N, V, Adj, Adv〔open开放性词类 ,can add new words〕P43图〔在句子构成中起重要作用〕 1〕主要词类又称开放词类,可以不断地消灭新词。在英语,它们主要有四类: 名词〔N〕: student linguistics lecture 动词〔V〕: like red go 形容词〔adj〕: tall lovely red 副词〔adv〕: loudly constantly hard P134中 2. Minor lexical categories 次要词汇类型〔词性〕: 限定、程度、量词、助动、介、代、连、叹Det, Deg, Qual, Aux, Prep, Pron, Conj, Int 〔close封闭性词类, words are fixed不添加新词〕P43图 2〕次要词类又称闭合词类。这些词的数量一般来说是固定不变的,也不允许有新词参加。在英语中,它们主要有六类: 限定词(Det.):the, a, this, his 助词(Aux):can, will, do, be, have 介词(Prep):in, at, to, on 代词(Pron):he, she, us, mine 连词(Conj):and, or, but, while 叹词(lnt):oh, ah, eh P134中 ?~ To determine a word’s catrgory, three criteria are uaually empolyed打算一个词的类型,通常接受三个标准: = 1 \* GB3 ①meaning意义 = 2 \* GB3 ②inflection屈折变化 = 3 \* GB3 ③distribution分布 4.2.2 P Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases. 围绕某一词类型构成的句法单位称为短语。 Phrase categories短语类型: [NP 名词短语 the pretty girl ] [VP 动词短语 often dream ] [AP 形容词短语 very pessimistic ] [PP 介词短语 mainly about ] 词组类型:词类不同的词可以合成某一词组,在英语的句法分析中,常有四种词组类型,它们分别为: 名词词组(NP):a red brick, the beautiful lake 动词词组(VP):sing a song, write in ink 介词词组(PP):on the table, at t

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