资料第二课chap0oft六版书.pdfVIP

CHAPTER Fundamentals of Photonic Crystals for Telecom 4 Applications—Photonic Crystal Lasers Susumu Noda Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan 4.1 INTRODUCTION Photonic crystals are optical nanostructures with refractive indices that vary periodi- cally, and are characterized by a photonic bandgap in terms of the energy of pho- tons. Light with wavelengths that lie in the photonic bandgap cannot exist in the crystal, giving rise to completely different optical phenomena than in space. These characteristics enable various interesting methods of optical control includ- ing materials from which light emission is inhibited [1–5], trap of photons at a microscopic point defect (known as a photonic nano ) [6–9], realization of nanolasers [10–12], and key elements for quantum information processing [13–15]. It is also expected that photonic crystals can be designed to allow the dynamic con- trol of optical nanocavities [16,17] and the control of the dispersion characteristics of waveguides [18,19], which may enable the propagation of light to be slowed down to the limit and ultimately halted. The attractive potentials of photonic crystals also include use of the standing wave state at the band edge, where the group velocity becomes zero, in order to realize rea coherent laser operation [20–25]. These characteristics ensure that photonic crystals are currently attracting much attention. The first half of this chapter introduces research activities that are geared toward realizing the ultimate nanolaser [11] usin