医学史教学课件.pptVIP

DISEASE TRANSMISSION MALARIA（疟疾） 人类感染疟疾的历史已经超过50,000年, 在人类作为一个物种的全部历史中，疟原虫（Plasmodium）始终是一种人类病原体（ human pathogen ）. 在某种程度上，是疟疾导致了罗马帝国的衰落。那时的罗马，疟疾无处不在，以至于人们称之为 Roman Fever. DISEASE TRANSMISSION BUBONIC PLAGUE （黑死病/淋巴腺鼠疫） 如果没有采取有效的治疗，黑死病将在2-6天里杀掉三名感染者中的两名。 在14世纪，席卷欧洲的黑死病导致至少25,000,000人死亡，死亡人口占当时欧洲总人口的1/3。 MEDICINE FOLKLORE（民间传统） MEDICINE – MAGIC – RELIGION SHAMAN（萨满） In Awe of Nature and the Primitive Religion View of Nature对自然的敬畏以及原始神话自然观 原始人类观察、推理、随后建立一种解释。出于对自然的敬畏，原始人相信自然有他自己的意识和目的。于是他们形成了一种拟人化的自然观（ anthropomorphic natural view ）并且信仰万物有灵论（animism）。他们发现，当他们想像这个世界充满了看不见的力量，他们心中的很多疑惑都随之得到了解答。 Ancient Medicine in Different Lands LANDS OF ANCIENT TIMES MESOPOTAMIA EGYPT INDIA CHINA GREECE ROME Babylon Hanging Garden Towel of Babel Babylon CUNEIFORM  楔形文字 笔画像钉头或箭头。 贝希斯顿铭文上面也刻着三种文字：楔形文字、新埃兰文和古波斯文。1835年，法国学者罗林森发现了这个铭文，译解了其中的古波斯文，然后又将古波斯文与楔形文字对照，读通了楔形文字。从此解开了楔形文字之谜。 巴比伦医学 We find in a whole constellation of disciplines There was a real common ground among these [Babylonian] forms of knowledge... an approach involving analysis of particular cases, constructed only through traces, symptoms, hints In short, we can speak about a symptomatic or divinatory [or conjectural] paradigm which could be oriented toward past present or future, depending on the form of knowledge called upon. Toward future... that was the medical science of symptoms, with its double character, diagnostic, explaining past and present, and prognostic, suggesting likely future —Carlo Ginzburg The oldest Babylonian texts on medicine date back to the first Babylonian Dynasty in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Along with contemporary ancient Egyptian medicine, the Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescription. Babylon Our knowledge of the medicine of the Babylonians and Assyrians is derived almost exclusively from the great library of clay tablets（粘土碑）