交通工程学：RegulatoryIssues-课程.pdfVIP

Regulatory and legal issues Introduction  this chapter presents an overview of the myriad federal, state, regional, and local laws, ordinances, and policies that affect the planning, design, and administration of transportation facilities.  The subject area is extensive and varies significantly by geographic location and agency jurisdiction.  Although a complete compilation is not possible, this chapter presents a broad survey of the different types of laws and regulations applicable primarily to transportation planning. Regulatory Transportation Law Regulatory Transportation Law Governmental transportation agencies are administrative in nature. This means that while they can make and carry out regulation, they do not have the power of courts or legislative bodies.  Administrative law is the subject area dealing with the regulatory procedures and decision-making powers of these agencies. Agency Legal Controls  Agency direction originates at the legislative level through laws, statutes, ordinances, legislative controls, and court decisions.  Statutes are acts of a legislature federal or state that establish the agency and define its functional responsibility.  Legislative controls exist as part of the execution of these statutes, with revisions to the original legislation and apportionment of funding being two key elements.  Local laws and ordinances provide direction to local agencies, but they may be subordinate to federal and state legislation.  Court decisions influence the interpretation and application of all types of enactments and may result in their being declared invalid or void. How Agencies Make Rules  Informal processes can include written policies and procedures, which are usually flexible in application and subject to negotiation and agreement. Appeals from informal p