civil-engineering-(土木工程概论英文课件)CHAPTER-SEVEN.docVIP

CHAPTER SEVEN TUNNEL ENGINEERING 7. 1 Introduction A tunnel is a long, narrow, essentially linear excavated开掘；挖掘underground opening, the length of which greatly exceeds its width or height. For centuries, mankind has excavated tunnels in the earth for a myriad 〔a large indefinite number〕 of uses. With improvements in design and construction, the diversity of uses has also widened，and tunnels are not simply the mines and shelters they used to be. Nowadays a great deal of countries are using tunnels to provide spaces for human activities such as living, storage, communication, power transmissio