分子课件样式编辑母版文本样式.pptxVIP

核 酸;核酸基本性质（概述） 核酸分子结构 变性和复性 DNA拓扑结构 DNA测序 核酸修饰 RNA结构与功能 ;1865, Gregor Mendel: Introduces the concept of heredity “Factors” determine characteristics;1929, Phoebus Levene: Discovers that DNA is made up of nucleotides, phosphates, sugars and 4 bases ;1944, Oswald Avery: the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment shows that DNA was the hereditary material. ;Discovery of a “Transforming Principle” Frederick Griffith, in 1928 - Pneumonia (Diplococcus pneumoniae，肺炎球菌) infects mice. - Mice develop pneumonia and die. Two types of bacteria: - S bacteria smooth coat – pneumonia - R bacteria rough coat - no pneumonia Coat type is associated with virulence.;Griffith’s Transforming Experiment;Bacterial colonies;They decided to use the process of elimination Extracts were treated with either Proteases (to destroy protein) RNase (to destroy RNA) DNase (to destroy DNA) Transformation was due exclusively to DNA; ;The Hershey-Chase experiment in1952: They used bacteriophage to prove that DNA was the hereditary material. ;种 类;l?????? DNA 与RNA的区别; 核酸的基本结构单元;??核苷酸;Nucleotide (核苷酸) ; 1、 戊 糖;醛糖;核糖的折皱构象（puckered conformation）;2、碱 基;;嘌呤;;所以碱基都在260nm左右有强吸收峰;稀有碱基;稀有碱基;在细胞内有多种游离的核苷酸，其中包括一磷酸核苷（NMP）、二磷酸核苷（NDP）和三磷酸核苷（NTP）;; DNA的一级结构是指DNA分子中各种脱氧核苷酸之间的连接方式和排列顺序。也就是四种脱氧核苷酸通过3’,5’-磷酸二酯键连接起来的多核苷酸链的排列顺序。;DNA单链的延伸 5’ 3’ 端;pH7时，带负电;RNA不稳定的主要原因之一 另外的一个主要原因？; 无分枝的长链;3、一级结构的表示方法;2）文字式：用A、T、G、C、U代表碱基，用P代表磷酸残基。核酸分子中的糖基、糖苷键和酯键等均省略不写，将碱基和磷酸相间排列即可。;2.2 DNA的二级结构;;King’s College;In 1951 Rosalind Franklin discovers the Two Forms of DNA through her X-ray diffraction images.;In 1951 James Watson traveled from the United States to work with Francis Crick at Cambridge University Watson and Crick used the “Model Building” approach They physically built models out of wire, sheet metal, nuts and bolts to come up with the structure of DNA;Watson Crick’s early model of DNA showed that the structure: ; Science at the time was a male dominated field Women did not receive equal treatment