后备母牛的饲养管理a课件.pptVIP

发育牛与育成牛的培育 以青粗料为主，适当补充精料,培养耐粗性能和增进瘤胃容积,机能。但要注意粗料质量。 己孕牛只要注意蛋白质、能量的供给,防止营养不足,过瘦和骨盆发育不良易引起难产,但也应防止过肥。 充足运动,促进骨骼,肌肉,内脏的发育 岳岳的知识馆 加拿大后备牛生长发育目标 岳岳的知识馆 发育、育成母牛的营养需求 岳岳的知识馆 生长发育曲线 周龄 岳岳的知识馆 体重与骨架发育 体重与体高指数和泌乳潜力存在高相关性，尤其是第一次产犊后 最理想的体重：日增重为700－750克/天 最理想的体高：（代表骨骼发育） 接近：3厘米/月（2－4月令） 1厘米/月（14－24月令） 岳岳的知识馆 表4：后备母牛日粮营养需要表 阶段 划分 月龄 达到体重(kg) 能量 (NND) (个) 干物质(DM) (kg) 粗蛋白质(CP) (g) 钙(Ca) (g) 磷(P) (g) 犊牛哺乳期 0~2 ? 3.5~4.5 0.8~1.5 250~350 10~15 6~8 犊牛期 3 97 5.5~6.5 2.8~3.1 450~600 21~31 10~13 6 178~200 9.5~10.5 4.7~5.2 650~830 27~40 13~18 发育期 12 302~318 12.5~13.7 6.5~7.1 780~960 30~41 15~19 15 360~380 15.5~16.7 8.5~9.0 850~1030 30~41 16~20 18 416~450 19.8~21.0 10.0~10.5 1400~1550 50~61 25~29 育成期 初产 530~550 23.0~25.0 11.5~12.2 1480~1660 51~61 27~30 岳岳的知识馆 饲养后备牛的目标 投产月令在26－26.5月 缩短胎次间隔和加快基因改良 奶牛一生中产犊更多 一生中有更多的泌乳高峰和更高的奶量 初产时体重达到500公斤以上，减少难产 将饲料最有效的转化为牛奶 岳岳的知识馆 初产荷斯坦牛产后体重与产奶量的关系 岳岳的知识馆 良好的管理方法将带来良好的经济效益 岳岳的知识馆 岳岳的知识馆 * * * Dairy calves are primarily monogastric in function during their first 2 months of life. At birth, the reticulo-rumens are inactive and undeveloped. As the calf begins to eat dry feeds, the stomach compartments begin to grow and modify. Hence, calves should be encouraged to eat dry feed usually in the form of a highly digestible starter. The rate of rumen development dictates how rapidly young calves can digest complex starches and carbohydrates after weaning. VFA’s, and more specifically, butyrate and propionate enhance rumen development more so than acetate. * * Fewer papillae per unit area reflects bigger papillae with greater nutrient absorption capacity. Hence, with 2% XP the rumen was much more developed and capable of digesting complex carbohydrates and absorbing VFAs. An underdeveloped rumen may restrict calf growth for two to four weeks after weaning, adversely affecting time of breeding and subsequent age at first calving. * * The absorption of the fermentation end-products i