教案神经网络1.pptxVIP

Neural OscillationsA nonlinear dynamic approachLogistic Differential EquationNtK/2KKLogistic Differential EquationK/2d/dt N = - d/dN [r N2 (N/3k -1/2)] = - d/dN V(N)V(N)KN0K/2K3K/2What is a bifurcation?Max Moritz, W. BuschA qualitative change in the solution !Saddle Node Bifurcation (1-dim)Prototypical example:A saddle-node bifurcation, tangential bifurcation or fold bifurcation is a local bifurcation in which two fixed points (or equilibria) of a dynamical system collide and annihilate each other.Transcritical BifurcatoinPrototypical example:A transcritical bifurcation is a particular kind of local bifurcation, meaning that it is characterized by an equilibrium having an eigenvalue whose real part passes through zero.Pitchfork BifurcationPrototypical example:A pitchfork bifurcation is a particular type of local bifurcation. Pitchfork bifurcations have two types - supercritical or subcritical.SupercriticalSubcriticalSubcriticalHopf-BifurcationPrototypical example:Bifurcations ? Catastrophes ?Use simple model from classical mechanicsParticle (m=1) in 1D-potential V(x,λ)Potential changes very slowly with time (slow time scale represented by λ)Equations of motion: Stability of fix points:Loss-of-Equilibrium (Saddle-Node Bifurcation)Potential,LyapunovfunctionLoss-of-equilibriumor catastrophe at λ = λcTranscritical BifurcationPotential, Lyapunov functionEquilibrium branches exchange stability at λ=λcOther possibility:supercitical pitchfork bifurcationSubcritical BifurcationConstruct the dynamical System ! d/dt x = - d/dx V(x)V(x) = x2 (b - x2)Dynamics of Two Dimensional SystemsFind the fixed points in the phase space!Linearize the system about the fixed points!Determine the eigenvalues of the Jacobian.Limit Cycles and Hopf Bifurcation A vector-field interpretationTheoremLet the functions F and G have continuous first partial derivatives in a domain D of the xy-plane. A closed trajectory of the system must necessarily enclose at least one critical (equilibrium) point