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Chapter 11: Storage and File Structure;Chapter 11: Storage and File Structure;Classification of Physical Storage Media;Physical Storage Media;Physical Storage Media (Cont.);Physical Storage Media (Cont.);Physical Storage Media (Cont.);Physical Storage Media (Cont.);Storage Hierarchy;Storage Hierarchy (Cont.);Magnetic Hard Disk Mechanism;Magnetic Disks;Magnetic Disks (Cont.);Disk Subsystem;Performance Measures of Disks;Performance Measures (Cont.);Optimization of Disk-Block Access;Optimization of Disk Block Access (Cont.);Nonvolatile write buffers speed up disk writes by writing blocks to a non-volatile RAM buffer immediately
Non-volatile RAM: battery backed up RAM or flash memory
Even if power fails, the data is safe and will be written to disk when power returns
Controller then writes to disk whenever the disk has no other requests or request has been pending for some time
Database operations that require data to be safely stored before continuing can continue without waiting for data to be written to disk
Writes can be reordered to minimize disk arm movement
Log disk – a disk devoted to writing a sequential log of block updates
Used exactly like nonvolatile RAM
Write to log disk is very fast since no seeks are required
No need for special hardware (NV-RAM)
File systems typically reorder writes to disk to improve performance
Journaling file systems write data in safe order to NV-RAM or log disk
Reordering without journaling: risk of corruption of file system data;RAID;Improvement of Reliability via Redundancy;Improvement in Performance via Parallelism;RAID Levels;RAID Levels (Cont.);RAID Levels (Cont.);RAID Levels (Cont.);RAID Levels (Cont.);RAID Levels (Cont.);Choice of RAID Level;Choice of RAID Level (Cont.);Hardware Issues;Hardware Issues (Cont.);Optical Disks;Magnetic Tapes;Storage Access;Buffer Manager;Buffer-Replacement Policies;Buffer-Replacement Policies (Cont.);File Organization;Fixed-Length Records;Free Lists;Variable-Length Records;Variable-Length Rec
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