讲义教案语言学1.pptxVIP

Introduction to Linguistics;SEMANTICS;5.1 Meanings of meaning;5.2 The referential theory;Semantic triangle;Sense reference;5.3 Sense relations;5.3.2 Antonymy;② Complementary antonymy It is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other and the assertion of one means the denial of the other. alive/ dead, male/ female, present/ absent, pass/ fail , boy/ girl similar to contradictory propositions in logic: they cannot be both true or false. the norm of this type is absolute there is no cover term ( the unmarked term) for the two members of a pair.;③ Converse antonymy (relational opposites) 反向反义/关系反义 The members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. buy/ sell, lend/ borrow, before /after, teacher/ student, above /below 5.3.3 Hyponymy the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.;The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific word are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. plant tree flower bush tulip violet rose;Polysemy;Homonymy-同音异义或同形异意;Sense relations between sentences;;;;;5.4 Componential analysis;Meaning position: man : + HUMAN +ADULT +MALE woman: + HUMAN +ADULT -MALE boy: + HUMAN –ADULT +MALE girl: + HUMAN –ADULT -MAL Semantic components can also be connected by LOGICAL CONSTANTS boy: ANIMATE and HUMAN and MALE and not-ADULT;Componential analysis might be supplemented by a set of IMPLICATIONAL RULES: (a) HUMAN ?ANIMATE (b) MALE ? not FEMALE (c) FEMALE ? not MALE (d) MALE ? ANIMATE (e) FEMALE ? ANIMATE “?”: entail;Relational components (by means of expressions of predicate logic) Father: PARENT (x, y) MALE (x) = x is the parent of y and x is male. Mother: PARENT (x, y) -MAL