地理信息系统导论chap06.ppt

* Chapter 6 Geometric Transformation 6.1 Geometric Transformation 6.1.1 Map-to-Map and Image-to-Map Transformations 6.1.2 Transformation Methods 6.1.3 Affine Transformation 6.1.4 Control Points Box 6.1 Estimation of Transformation Coefficients Box 6.2 Output from an Affine Transformation 6.2 Root Mean Square (RMS) Error Box 6.3 RMS from an Affine Transformation 6.3 Interpretation of RMS Errors on Digitized Maps 6.4 Resampling of Pixel Values 6.4.1 Resampling Methods Box 6.4 Computation for Bilinear Interpolation 6.4.2 Other Uses of Resampling Box 6.5 Pyramiding Key Concepts and Terms Review Questions Applications: Geometric Transformation Task 1: Georeference and Rectify a Scanned map Task 2: Use ArcScan to Vectorize Raster Lines Task 3: Perform Image-to-Map Transformation Challenge Task References Geometric Transformation Geometric transformation is the process of using a set of control points and transformation equations to register a digitized map, a satellite image, or an air photograph onto a projected coordinate system. In GIS, geometric transformation includes map-to-map transformation and image-to-map transformation. The root mean square (RMS) error is a quantitative measure that can determine the quality of a geometric transformation. Transformation Methods Different methods have been proposed for transformation from one coordinate system to another. Each method is distinguished by the geometric properties it can preserve and by the changes it allows. Figure 6.1 Different types of geometric transformations. Figure 6.2 Differential scaling, rotation, skew, and translation in the affine transformation. Affine Transformation The affine transformation assumes a uniformly distorted input (map or image), and it is generally suggested for map-to-map or image-to-map transformations. If the input is known to have a uneven distribution of distortion, such as an aerial photograph with relief displacement (shift in the location of an object due to local topography