地球科学与概论第十五章岩浆作用2013.pptx

第十五章 岩浆作用;岩浆（Magma）----形成于地下深处的、具有较大粘性的高温熔融流体物质。 岩浆作用----在地球内部深处的高温硅酸盐，熔融形成岩浆，并演化直至冷凝形成岩浆岩的全部地质过程。 火山（喷出）作用 侵入作用; 火山（喷出）作用 Volcanism --岩浆喷出地表，冷凝成岩的过程。;2010年4月14日冰岛艾雅法拉火山喷发;2010年4月14日冰岛艾雅法拉火山喷发; 侵入作用 Intrusion ----岩浆由地下深处上升至地壳浅部，冷凝成岩的过程。;第一节 火山作用 一、火山结构 火山锥 火山喉管 火山口;熔岩锥; 火山锥(Volcanic cone)：即火山喷发物围绕火山通道堆积而成的锥状体. 火山锥是中心式喷发的特征产物.;tephra 火山灰，火山碎屑；lapilli 火山砾;Volcanoes come in various shapes and sizes. (a) Lofty, symmetrical Mount Augustine, in Alaska’s Cook Inlet; (b) small, stubby volcanoes from the Flagstaff area of northern Arizona.;b. 熔岩火山锥（盾火山）;The top of Mauna Loa, a shield volcano in Hawaii, and its summit caldera. The smaller depressions are pit craters. In the distance is Mauna Kea, another shield volcano that last erupted about 3,000 years ago. Photo by D. W. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey.;Cutaway view of a shield volcano;Low, broad shield volcanoes form by the gradual accumulation of gently sloping basalt lava flows. Inset : The summit of Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano, a shield volcano that actually developed on the flank of an even larger shield volcano, Mauna Loa.;A spatter cone (approximately 1 meter high) erupting in Hawaii. Photo by J. B. Judd, U.S. Geological Survey.;c. 复合火山锥（层火山）;Cutaway view of a composite volcano. Stippled layers are pyroclastics;a. Illustrative cross section of a stratovolcano. After Macdonald (1972), Volcanoes. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1-150. b. Deeply glaciated north wall of Mt. Rainier, WA, a stratovolcano, showing layers of pyroclastics and lava flows. ? John Winter and Prentice Hall.;Mount Fuji, Japan, a snow-clad giant That towers over the surrounding countryside, displays the classic profile of a strata volcano;Zao Volcano, Japan. 1999.7;Zao Volcano, Japan. 1999.7;;The origin of composite cones, steep-sided volcanoes consisting of layers of predominantly andesitic lava flows alternating with deposits of pyroclastic materials (and often associated with one or more flank eruptions). The composite con