独家结课-奖励真题原文只看文章不做题40foundational and keystone species.pdfVIP

講了Kelp 和 urchin 數量關係（說講這兩種數量關係的目的是？）Kelp 越來越少了，大家就懷疑是urchin 的錯。然後就提出Assumption 啊，說Urchin 的increase 會導致kelp 的decrease 。 又說，這種 assumption 不對，因為kelp 可能是受了XX 和厄爾尼諾的 ，跟Urchin 不關係。 第二和第三段分別舉了兩個例子，大概的意思是證明kelp 的decrease 不是因為Urchin 的錯（有題，問 二三段的關係），有可能是因為什麼病的 而導致kelp 的減少。 不過，因為Urchin 的increase 而導致kelp decrease 的例子是有的，然後就舉了兩個support 的例子。 就說了otter 、lobster（會吃Urchin 的東東）多的時候，kelp 也會多，因為otter 和lobster 會吃了Urchin ， U 減少，K 就自然增加。 單字: contention: claim ；whereas 107 2015-kls-12-10 Foundational and Keystone Species The harmony present in any ecological system relies on the inclusion of different types of species, each with a specific role or set of roles. Although to some extent all species contribute in important ways, scientists are now learning about the pivotal parts played by, what are being called foundational and keystone species. Interestingly, the latter represent only a small fraction of the overall animal population within an ecosystem while the former can make up a significant portion of it. In both cases, though, their removal often results in massive changes to, if not the complete destruction of, their ecosystems. Efforts to conserve these species are currently based on the new idea that they prevent the start of a domino effect that would, once started, be unstoppable. Foundational species are the backbones of the systems they inhabit. These species are referred to as primary producers, which means that they generate a large amount of the abundance other species require to survive. In most cases, they are a type of vegetation or stationary animal. Coral, which tends to grow in large colonies, is often pointed to as an example. Eventually a group of colonies will form a coral reef, which can sustain a complete ecosystem around i