简明英语语言学教程.pdfVIP

Linguistics ：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. General Linguistics ：The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. language ：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design Features ：It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Linguistics ：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. The scope of linguistics：The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学) The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics . （语 音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音 系学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形 态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax （句法 学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学） The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心 理语言学） 1.宽式音标 Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音 Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.浊音 Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstru