考试大礼包有限元版finite elements.pptxVIP

? We turn the Rayleigh Ritz method for beams into the finite element method for beam elements.瑞利--里兹法 有限元法 梁单元 Lecture 4? We want a more generally applicable method. This involves releasing itfrom the difficulties of the prescribed functions.为得到普遍适用的方法，必须突破预先选定基函数的困境。? We derive the equations for rod elements. 推导杆单元有限元方程? We derive the equations for beam bending elements. 推导梁弯曲单元有限元方程The prescribed basis functions – remember these are chosen in the Rayleigh Ritzmethod基函数 预先选定? Have to fit the geometry of the problem (beam is easy geometry).基函数要适应几何边界 o What if the problem was a rectangular plate? 矩形板 (2D function in x and y) o What if the problem domain were a generally shaped plate? 若求解域为一般形式的板，基函数如何预先选定？? Have to fit the boundary conditions 基函数应满足边界条件 o What if we had a constraint in the middle of the beam as well? 梁中点有一约束If we want to treat problems in a general way, we need a general method ofconstructing basis functions. 处理问题的方法的普适性需要从构造基函数的一般性入手? Finite element basis functions, ‘shape functions’有限元方法中的基函数 形函数Finite element basis functions(The finite element approximation method)The basis functions are constructed as follows (note the terms in italics):1) Divide the structure up into a number of elements of finite size. (The elements are assumed to be joined together at nodes.) 剖分结构 有限尺寸的单元 节点相联2) Associate with each node a given number of degrees of freedom. 每个节点配套自由度3) Construct a set of functions such that each one gives a unit value for one degree of freedom and zero values for all the others. In ‘FE language’ these are called shape functions. 对每个自由度构造一形函数where {u}e is a column vector of values of u at the node positions.I have used for basis functions, but I shall use N for their definition over a single element. These are called shape functions. 单元内的基函数称为形函数Thus on an element,a row matrix of shape functions.Within an element the displacement at each degree of freedom is approximate